On the Matter of Hell - 952 Words

Paul J. Bonham Dr. Tiffany Adams EN 211 13 November 2015 The Collective Inferno: A Look into Dante and Others’ Views on Hell Though for some a subject far too heavy to be spoken of but in hushed tones, Hell has been the topic of much debate and speculation by theologians and philosophers, both Christian and otherwise. They have pondered such questions as whether or not hell is a real place, and if so whether it is divided into different sections or if it is one homogenous lake of fire. Even for those who may not believe in Hell, the idea of a place of eternal torment as punishment for ones’ sins is a fascinating one. It causes one to contemplate the nature of sin and humanity, whether some sins are worse than others, and if so, does†¦show more content†¦However, in the original Hebrew writings, the usage of â€Å"hell† in these verses refers to â€Å"sheol,† or the grave. â€Å"The Greek word for hell, genna, occurs only 11 times in the Bible, none of which refer to a place under the Earth. In fact, al l the references to under the Earth refer to either sheol (Hebrew) or its Greek equivalent (Hades).†(Deem) Perhaps, then, damnation does not take place in the center of the earth. Either way, such was the belief of many in the Christian and political world throughout Europe, as seen in the Inferno. Whether or not certain sins are more grievous than others, â€Å"all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.† (Romans 3:23) Eternal torment of any degree is undesirable, and can be avoided through repentance and acceptance of Christ’s grace. However, it is a worth topic of study, and helps us as we are to find meaning in God’s word, and the writings of Classical authors such as Dante. Lastly, it aids in refining our meaning of sin and helping us to improve our morality, a daunting task for believers and skepticsShow MoreRelatedJohn Edwards Sermon, Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesIn the eyes of God, we are all sinners. July 8, 1741, John Edwards preached to his congregation that no matter what we do, God would send us to hell unless we spill our blood on the cross. Edwards’s sermon was one of the most pivotal, volatile, and stirring sermons that set the standard for hellfire and brimstone sermons. Edwardsà ¢â‚¬â„¢s describes all of us as sinners and how our lives lay perilously in god’s angry hands. To this day, we still have pastors preaching hellfire and brimstone sermons. WhileRead MoreScaring The Hell Out Of People1429 Words   |  6 PagesScaring the Hell Out of People Defining the Threat of Hell as a Result of Morality Dante’s Inferno documents the epic journey that Dante and Virgil take into the afterlife, particularly the afterlife that involves the morally corrupt. They take a journey to hell, and see all of the people who have been damned because of the actions they did, or didn’t do, during their lifetimes. A question is posed when the topic of hell is brought up: Does the threat of hell cause people to act more or less moralRead MoreThe Contributions Of Death In Dantes Inferno1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthat will eventually lead him to God by first passing through Hell. As he goes through his journey in Hell with Virgil, Dante encounters several sinners who are being punished based upon the sins each individual committed. Dante’s attitude towards the sinners’ punishment changes from sympathy to hostility as he goes through his path towards God. At first, Dante is to feeling sympathy for the souls that reside in the Second Circle of Hell, whose punishment is to be constantly blown by wind. These sinnersRead More Divine Comedy - The Medieval Church and Dantes Inferno Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Medieval Church and Dantes Inferno      Ã‚     Some people think that the medieval churches view on sin, redemption, heaven and hell was very complex, but actually the churches views were straight and to the point. I will discuss with you what sin, redemption, heaven and hell were to the medieval churches and I will also share some examples in the story that will help you better understand The Inferno and the medieval churches views. Lets begin with sin. A sin was said to be a deliberateRead MoreThe Street Corner Of Downtown Great Falls, Montana, Waiting For The Annual Big Sky Pride Parade908 Words   |  4 Pagesinterspersed with my thoughts in roman: One day you will die. How can you find everlasting life? The answer is the most important thing you will ever hear. It’s sad but true—no matter what you do, you will die. So the answer to how I can find everlasting life is that I can’t? Because it’s certain that I will die? No matter what I do? The most important truth I’ll ever hear is that I can’t find everlasting life? Seems a bit nihilistic †¦ This is because you have sinned against God, and the wages ofRead MoreDont You Dare Give Up: Dantes Divine Comedy Essay538 Words   |  3 Pagesand a hard past can only result in a stronger present. Though many might find themselves alone in their misery the truth is they are not, everyone has struggles. We all have our ups and downs, but it is how we react to them that truly matters. Life is life and no matter what, giving up on lifelong dreams and aspirations because of a few bumps in the road should never be an option. These lines can be interpreted in various ways, according to that person’s standards. In this case, the critique of cantoRead MoreEvaluation Of Workshops And Dante Inferno1624 Words   |  7 Pagesaway from him by Lucifer or Satan.Dante then met Virgil a famous poet born before Christ therefore he was stuck in limbo which is not hell or heaven. Dante and Virgil entered the wide gates of Hell and descended through the nine circles.. In each circle they saw s inners being punished for their sins on earth. We also explored William Blake’s poem the Proverbs of Hell including quotes in our narration using it to present the Seven Deadly Sins with accuracy. For our first workshop we explored andRead MoreThe Theme Of Good And Evil In Dantes Inferno1517 Words   |  7 PagesThey both pass through the nine circles of Hell, where they witness many different punishments for those who have done awful things in their past. Good versus evil is a major theme that occurred throughout Hell. In the Inferno, there are times where Dante sees good and evil and also represents it himself. In The Divine Comedy: The Inferno, Dante defines the meaning of good. To Dante, â€Å"good† are the sinners who sinned by accident and ended up in Hell because of it. Dante believes there are goodRead MoreAllegorical Meanings of the Journey Depicted in Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness 1112 Words   |  5 Pagestowards hell, another towards back in time, and lastly as a voyage towards one’s own psyche. Why is Marlow’s mission, or the ship’s voyage for that matter, a journey towards hell? Literally speaking, the journey is not towards hell but towards the jungles of Africa, where Kurtz was to be retrieved by Marlow. However, when one takes into account the setting, one can almost see that Marlow’s mission is not simple nor is it safe. With this fact, the journey towards the jungle becomes hell in two waysRead MoreHell And Punishments In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy1091 Words   |  5 PagesAt one point, or another you might have asked yourself, â€Å"What in the Hell, is Hell?† Well According to Dante Alighieri’s’ epic poem, The Divine Comedy: Inferno, Hell is where those that have sinned are punished, but the punishments for each sin depends on the sin committed. The reasoning for this is, because God is just with his punishment, and Dante created a visual of these punishments for his readers so they can get an idea of what specifica lly is in store for them if they do certain sins. With

Why Did the Native Americans Lose the Plains Wars

When the Euro-Americans (whites) and Native Americans came into contact, there was conflict. This conflict eventually led to The Plains wars, which the Native Americans lost. In this essay the details as to why the Native Americans lost the plains war will be explained. These details include seven main points, which are- the end of the civil war and the manifest destiny, different attitudes towards land, the whites upsetting the population balance, the effect of reservations, the start of the Californian gold rush, the weapons that both the sides used during war, and the actual wars that made up the plains war. At the end of the civil war the god-fearing Christian whites believed that god had told them to spread the freedom and†¦show more content†¦Although there were reservations, the Californian gold rush in 1848 made many white men trespass into the reservations secretly. This became a problem because some men started to look for gold in the Black Hills. This was the end of the Treaty of Fort Laramie and a Sioux Chief said, â€Å"If we make peace, you will not keep it†. Also a very famous Gold Trail, called the Bozeman Trail was opened up in Western Sioux Hunting grounds, the Sioux feared the Whites and started to attack them at the same time the whites fought back and many Native American men were killed. The trail was closed, but the Whites were angry, and this lead to more wars which made the Native Americans weaker. In the wars, the weapons that the Whites used killed man Native American men. This is because the Whites weapons were guns, rifle, canons and other weapons which worked from long distances and were very deadly. The Native Americans made their weapons of war out of wood, stone, and bones. Later on the Native Americans were able to make steel knives, but this wasn’t very efficient compared to the White’s weapons. Some Native American tribes possessed a gun; they got guns because some unhealthy trade was carried out between the some money avaricious whites and the Native Americans. Of course, the Native Americans couldn’t refill the guns with gun powder or bullets because they didn’t know how to make them. Therefore, more Native Americans wereShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And Treaties with the Government1750 Words   |  7 Pagesmust protect the forests for those who cant speak for themselves such as the birds, animals, fish and trees Chief Qwatsina†™s of the Lakota Tribe. The plain natives, a respectful people, took from the land what they needed and always gave back. The settlers that came thought they were smarter and more advanced than the natives, and viewed the natives as being inferior. In reality it was the exact opposite. It was the settlers that had forgotten that the most basic way of life was the smartest way ofRead MoreIndian Mascots You re Out !910 Words   |  4 PagesFormer chair of the Los Angeles Native American Commission, Jack Shakley, in his argument, â€Å"Indian Mascots-You’re Out!† disputes whether Native American mascots should be allowed to be the face of American sports teams. Shakley’s purpose is to convey the idea that is insensitive to have Native Americans as mascots. Jack Shakley uses a passionate tone to show readers that not only is using a Native American mascot racist, but it is wrong and should be changed to a less offensive mascot. Shakley startsRead MoreWorld Wars A nd The Great Depression1262 Words   |  6 PagesI’m amazed at how many Americans don’t know their own family heritage any further back than their grandparents. For many years, I was one of them. I would casually tell people, â€Å"My family never really talked much about our family tree, because we were afraid we’d find horse thieves hanging from the branches.† But, bad or good, I always wondered about my roots. I’m not alone. Millions of Americans have the same questions. So, what happened? Were so many of our families separated in the westwardRead MoreHistory : Teachers, Textbooks And Racism1633 Words   |  7 Pagesessential to American history and how we teach it that underplays racism, slavery and white supremacy. I hope to address these issues about the US education system that have inaccurate textbooks that teach internalized racism to our children of all ages, whether one knows it or not. I agree with Wong that History being taught in the US needs an overhaul. Wong addresses in her article that the textbooks these teachers rely on are sometimes heavily prone to having flaws. A National Clearinghouse did a historyRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The American West1772 Words   |  8 Pagesthe pursuit of knowledge captivated the imagination of Thomas Jefferson. His father, an experienced cartographer and explorer, is often cited as the inspiration for Jefferson’s fixation on the West. As he grew older, Jefferson realized that the American West was not an empty wilderness, but a land crowded by conflicting nations and claims of sovereignty that only a few fur traders had experienced. Once Jefferson acquired the Louisiana territory from Napoleon in 1803, he sent an expedition led byRead MoreStudy Guide for US History Essay3594 Words   |  15 PagesAP American History Free Response Essays Each day will have a specific essay question. For the 1st Quarter ONLY, you are to simply write a detailed outline of what you would include in your essay. From the 2nd Quarter on, you are to write both a detailed outline and the essay with it. The date listed will be the day the assignment is due. September 16, 2009 Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the Europeans. Why were some groups more advanced than others throughoutRead MoreSystematic Racism of Native Americans2611 Words   |  11 Pages20, 2005 Sociology 3365-001: Ethnic Minorities in America Systematic Racism of Native Americans One of the darkest subject matters in United States history is the governments policy toward Native Americans. When European settlers first landed in North America they depended on Native Americans to give them food, trade for skins, and teach them how to gather food. Without the help of friendly Native Americans the possibility of any colony surviving, much less thriving, would be virtually impossibleRead MoreThe Rights Of Native Americans2516 Words   |  11 Pageshas silence in the media - Native Americans. Their struggles are rarely addressed and remain relatively unknown. Their cultures are continuously appropriated by fashion companies and slandered by the film industry. Since the beginning of the United States’ interaction with Native American people, they have been treated with complete disrespect; even now their basic rights are compromised as they are continually treated dishonorably. The disrespect towards Native Americans is more than simple mockery;Read MoreSapir-Whorf Hypothesis2737 Words   |  11 PagesZodiac); in other words two hours was the smallest universal unit of time in Korea. So, occasionally, a friend should wait for about 2hours. By this cultural difference with western society, create a word â€Å"Korean Time†(being lazy) during the Korean War and the word is listed on Oxford Dictionary. Lera Boroditsky developed Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis by comparing time and space. She insists that the concept of time order in space differs by culture. Lera have shown an interesting video clip of â€Å"3D spacing†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book Scott Momaday 2284 Words   |  10 Pagesimpinges on the mind.† When people think of the culture that is native American they often imagine people with a subtle nature and never hurting a fly. Considering that Momaday grew up within this culture his books are probably not going to have a lot of violence. In the book The way to Rainy mountain, Momaday writes how his people were never into violence and they were more likely to go with peace than war. â€Å"The Native American views space as spherical and time as cyclical, not linear and sequential

Week 1 quiz free essay sample

Dr. Sanchez approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious thoughts and conflicts within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that he accepts which of the following psychological approaches? D.Psychodynamic Researchers are studying the effects of nicotine on driving. The participants are divided into two groups. One group is provided with nicotine cigarettes and the other with fake cigarettes that taste and smell like real cigarettes but do not contain nicotine. The fake cigarettes are an example of a(n) B.Placebo Maureen is a psychology major who is conducting a study on memory. The participants in her experiment study a long list of words and then recall the list by verbalizing the words to Maureen. Maureen knows which words are correct, and whenever a participant states an incorrect word, Maureen inadvertently shifts her eyes and makes a note on her notepad. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 1 quiz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result, the participants change their recall behavior and tend to recall fewer words thereafter. This scenario illustrates a(n) Experimenter effect A(n) ________ psychologist studies how an individuals past behaviors, and the consequences of those behaviors, affect current behavior. D.Learning Which of the following is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts? B.Psychoanalysis A precise explanation of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring a process, is called a/an: Operational definition An early approach to scientific psychology, called ________, emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. Functionalism Which of the following is a potential shortcoming of laboratory observation? A.The presence of researchers and special equipment may cause subjects to act differently than they would in their natural surroundings A ________ has a medical degree (M.D.), with a specialty in psychiatry, and does work similar to that of a clinical psychologist but is likely to take a more biological approach Psychiatrist Which of the following cannot be hand picked by a researcher A.random assignment

Understanding Of Product And Data Interpretation †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Of Product And Data Interpretation. Answer: Introduction Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others.Information management from organizational aspects to invoke the activities that support thelifecycle of information management from construction,representation and management through to interaction and reuse (Menkhoff, Evers and Chay, 2010). An information intellectual organization is one which considers the value of data or information and can successfully analyze, discover, assemble, search, benefit and reuse all sort of information products need for any of its process. This is certainly important as competitive benefits today makes data a core requirement for business process, increasing performance of organization and obtain effectiveness of operation (Li and Poon, 2013). An Enormous information is exchanged and lessons learned are accomplish in BIM activ ities. However, recentknowledge management practice is an individual process and no procedure has been established to collect those lesson learned in BIM (Chong and Hermreck, 2012). This would lead to lose the knowledge that will have bad impacts on BIM model and collaborations. Therefore, an integrated technique to perform knowledge management within the scope of BIM is required, so that the knowledge received from the validation system of lesson learned can be gathered in knowledge management system. This research intends to construct new building approach that will associate BIM and KM to fully collect and reuse knowledge in BIM movement, and facilitate constructing lifecycle mode and operation Knowledge Management Concepts The knowledge base represents to the types of data, information or project knowledge that is to be handled or managed. This KM (Knowledge Management Processes) defines to the activities and tasks that are executed to manage knowledge, within the project or organization context which is even called as process shaping factors (Robinson, 2010). Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others. Data Information and Knowledge The concepts of information, data and knowledge are closely related and it is commonly considered that knowledge has higher level than information, and information is considered to be higher level than data. Data is a group of raw facts Information is well structure and interpreted data Knowledge is known as extracted information Data is a group of raw facts Data is a group of distinct, objective facts about action and offers no interpretation and no feasible basis of events. Data are syntactic things and patterns without meaning, and available in usable or non-usable patterns without any implication beyond the existence. Information is well structured and interpreted data Information is well structured data provides with meanings, and is executed from the interpretation data process. It represent information as data that are progress to be useful, promoting solution to who, when, what, and, where questions. Knowledge is extracted information Today knowledge is become the most essential resource and asset for industry. Knowledge is dynamic justified belief of truth, and it is developed by individual and association communication in the society. It is the function of data and information, and it answers how questions. Although, Knowledge is developed through subjective efforts and involve judgment related to data and information. Data is a carrier and collection of information and knowledge, and a publish for knowledge transfer and information exchange (Sarngadharan and Minimol, n.d.). It is determine that information is related and detailed to the past and the present, while knowledge can be utilized to predict the future within a particular limit. The role of knowledge is to promote the operation of transforming data into information through interpretation of data, receive new information from existing information through expansion, and achieve new knowledge through learning. Holistic approach of information management A holistic approach to information management needs the integration of tools, skills, processes and strategies within group to manage all sort of recorded data through its complete lifecycle from creation to deletion accompanied by essential technologies and administrative infrastructure. Such techniques requires an appreciation of how the industry can best structure, use and explicit data to achieve desired outcome across its processed of diverse. Many technologies do exist which plan to enable this, however critical to the holistic approach success is emphasis on corporate policies and strategies guiding the benefits and evaluation of appropriate technology. A holistic approach to information system consist of four key components which is necessary to ensure the techniques is appropriate and contextual to support organization efficiently. The components are: Content Model Content model representing the nature of content, structure, lifecycle, business application, suitability for the industry and attributes. This also contains taxonomy and metadata Enterprise Model Enterprise model is depend on research of the organization, culture, its operation, partners, and supply chain management based on their communication with information through process. Technological requirement Technological requires to facilitate the execution of the predefined strategy also called as system or technology. Implementation Change Management Change and implementation management is to maintain the transition and accompanied to the strategy implementation. Precede to providing the findings, it is essential to differentiate Information Management and other integrated concepts in both practice and research. Characteristics of Knowledge Management Knowledge management tie on a large number of diverse sector such as: Management science Cognitive science Anthropology and sociology Education and training Linguistics and computational linguistics Information technologies such as document, knowledge-based systems and information management, electronic performance support systems, and database knowledge. Communication studies and story telling Journalism and technical writing Collaborative technologies such as CSCW (Computer-Supported Collaborative Work) and groupware as well as extranets, intranets, portals, and other web technologies. Library science and information The above points is by no means an intensive list but promotes to show the highly varied roots that knowledge management develop of and continues to be depend on now. The multidisciplinary characteristics of knowledge management shows a double-face sword: it is an advantage as probably anyone can recognize a familiar foundation upon which to base an understanding on the one hand and even process of knowledge management. Information Management in the construction Industry The model and construction process is associated with numerous stakeholder and participant working together as temporary professionals through the procurement process to construct and implement unique solution to meet the client requirements (Luo, 2012). The outcome resulting from this often complex communication are created through the spontaneous exchange off information. Due to the complex nature of this data for executing the task at hand, maintaining it has been discovered as crucial to efficient delivery of the projects. Construction analysis into information management concentrated on the environment of the project frequently highlighting the requirement for enhanced coordination and collaboration between stakeholders. Indeed, strides create in this field have given rise to emergent standard for collaborative information environments. While group in the construction industry generally works on projects, project centric aspects does not define all the data created, distributed and managed within the association, nor does it enable group working on multiple projects to control cross-project data. Managers also lack considerate of the wider problems around information management, the kind of information different people within their group require and want, and how to create and implement a suitable information management strategy to support their corresponding organization. This study looks provides the findings from a detailed research into information management in construction industry. Information Systems in Construction Management explains the business globe is instant changing, and the move in significance in management in group from tactical to strategic is very clear. The construction field is becoming more dynamic, and requires to think differently about how it will organize Business in a highly competitive surroundings. A study recognize that IS/IT can be implement to, and assist, the construction field in three main operation, namely: Administration and construction management; Construction engineering; and Automated information acquisition and process management. To highlighting the strategic importance of Information system in the construction industry, and represents that information system is very critical to business performance of the two group. Figure 2.3.1 represent some examples of generic and proprietary kind of IS/IT rule which are essential in construction. These involves, Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD), accounting system and quantities bills. Manual mechanism are important (Shally-Jensen, n.d.). A key tender decline of these systems at the time the advance is to be submitted could be of critical significance. Figure 2.3.1 role of information systems in construction industry. Various of the more recent benefits in Information system technology that are utilize in the construction industry, involves the Internet, wireless technology, and World Wide Web (WWW), integrated databases, videoconferencing, electronic tendering and recording. Barriers to successful IS implementation in Construction Sector Information is a key assets in the construction field, and software developers, researchers, and practitioners are now implement information system to automate named phases of the construction operation. Considering the relevant limited detailed inquiry that has been taken in this area. it is very complex to represent the outlook and boundaries of the performance and benefits of Information System in construction industry. For many construction group Information System encompasses the utilization of all electronic equipment of data transfer, while others view information system as the use of the recent technology, and some view it as portion of management strategies. This divergence has led to the amount of various information system representation within the construction field. Consequently, an information-centric representation might be that information system comprises the need of electronic system and programs for storage, processing and production of information. This definition demonstrates the important aspects that information system plays in developing the effectiveness of interaction and exchange information in the context of controlling construction progresses. The successful achievement of construction projects based up on the effectiveness, accuracy and timing of the information exchange between the members in the project team. The factors that prevent the adoption of information system in construction industry include: Detention from executive management; Strong profit limit; Lack of IS or IT awareness; Lack of training and employee education; Degree of needed association change; and Trust that the company is doing well without IT or IS. The literature offers ambiguity about the received strategic role of information system in the field of construction and its implementation in process. The research also found that information system played a key portion in the execution of construction projects and many construction industry had advantage from the strategic moment offered by information system. BIM Concepts Coordination between trades of construction is quit challenging. The old 2D drawing based process is often periods complex to follow for the participants of the project. Resolution and identification of problems often needs a great deal of technical experience and skill. 3D building information model (BIM) and touch screen offering technology create process easy to understand for entire participant of the project. The ease in which problem can be discovered and promoted helps to facilitate interactions among the trades and leads to more interference resolution (Machado and Davim, 2014). The virtual trade association progress is a valuable process that can be evaluated during pre-construction stage and during MEP coordination process in the phase of construction. Designers and subcontractors develop digital, 3D modes of the corresponding scope of work depends on their model documents. These designs are then uploaded to a common server which then associates the discipline, design and t rade particular designs into a consolidated 3D model and from the combined model, develop Clash Repots (Zhang, Han and Zhao, n.d.). The Clash Report and models in coordination meeting with the subcontractors and designer are inspected and solution to the analyzed issues are discussed. The designer and subcontractors update their designs and 3D-models and resubmit the 3D-designs for next phase which based on the above discussed solution. The level is repeated until all associated parties have confidence in the development of construction of the coordinated design. The MEP-association process is non linear which means that the subcontractors create their models in parallel, initiate with vertical shafts, major parts of equipment and trim and major lines (Svenson, n.d.). Once these materials are integrated the subcontractors expand on details (Lytras et al., 2010). MEP engineer determines the sequence of association and expands the phase of details in drawing. BIM can be used to provid e a comprehensive design of the construction project quantities. Model based measuring systems enables calculators to assign properties to 3D building elements. Estimators can easily able to filter quantities, discover constructability problem and develop cost estimates by using Model Based calculating system. Potential Knowledge Integration in BIM BIM is a key technology which is used for the association of project management and constructing information. Constructing information designing and design execution is an evolutionary process, and it is difficult for us to collect knowledge in this progress from one level to another (Kuchiki, Mizobe and Gokan, n.d.). However, recent BIM technique is not matured enough to execute and collect knowledge, and knowledge management is a stand-alone method which is separated from BIM practice. Knowledge Management Knowledge management conduct, plans, motivates, and maintain individuals and IS to enhance the organizations knowledge property and development efficiency. Content of knowledge management system processes is knowledge execution, codification of knowledge and coordination, and transfer of knowledge. Even though, knowledge management consist five processes that are construction, validation, distribution, presentation and application. Knowledge management is used to accelerate the association improvement by properly practice these processes (Linger, 2013). The significance of well-designed knowledge management technique has been entirely identified, and the knowledge management has become one of the main area for decision making and business aspect processes. In the survey organized by KPMG (2003), a vast part (80%) of the participating industry identified knowledge as their strategic properties, and few representatives even determined that a possible 6% of annual revenue was due to the decline of knowledge management. The objective of knowledge management is to improve the productivity and the manner of team works through a knowledge distributing platform (Mill, 2016). In order to accomplish success, a group should execute knowledge management activities as an entire, and motivate individuals to utilize the process. Knowledge acquirement is to identify and store knowledge, and evaluate information acquired. Knowledge distribution is to exchange and transfer knowledge to an organization through some platform like phone, document and the internet; reuse of knowledge is to re-execute knowledge collected for innovation; and knowledge management is to extract knowledge in the repository, and only keep the essential information up-to-date. The implementation of knowledge management in association should promote knowledge transfer cross various projects, as well as gaining and storing knowledge in powerful way. The organizations knowledge data and innovation capacity sh ould be enhanced in the process of management. Knowledge Integration Recent BIM applications are information-supported building modeling techniques with satisfactory element-relevant information commit to each portion of the design. Knowledge management is an independent and separate process, with no composition with BIM implementation. As a result, the KM and the BIM techniques have to be regulate and control separately, thus minimize the ability of project collaboration. As both of them are achieved throughout the lifecycle of a project. Then, knowledge is known as higher level of information, it is beneficial and practical to split the border of them and coordinate into BKM (Building Knowledge Modeling). To minimize the search capacity in the process, an additional passage that shows information about the input data is joined to enable the information cooperate visualization (Lee, 2009). In such case of the system, the visualization ability and effectiveness would be enhanced by responding on the information abstracted from the resources. Furthermo re, knowledge from the user is the essential section of the visualization process and inadequate domain knowledge generally reduces quality of the performance (Plattner, Meinel and Leifer, 2015). Therefore, a knowledge-based system that contain expert knowledge is append to utilize the operation by promoting domain knowledge distributing and reusing between various users. BIM can be developed in the same way, by elaborating information exchange into knowledge distribution with the combination of a complete functional KMS. The BIM applications and Knowledge management system which stores knowledge in a Knowledge Management repository are joint and operated simultaneously to fulfill information exchange requirements of BIM application and knowledge sharing, capture, reuse and maintenance requirements of Knowledge management. Benefits of Model Based Estimating To a cost of estimate, transparently connect the outlook and the quantities. It is very easy to promote the scope and the object visually show in the 3D design are also produce in the estimate. Model based Estimate theory permits calculators to effectively handle scope changes and make sure that the altered scope is then accurately produce in the estimate. Conclusion This paper promotes the research from an investigation into the essence of Information management in the Construction Industry reflecting the multidimensional essence of a holistic approach. The research highlight the significance of an association aspects on information management and the rising practitioners are laying on how information can be better controlled to support their major processes. Business process for which the technology is proposed and the received value of the innovation for the business. BIM has been widely used in the A/E/C industry with the aim to build a virtual facility design precede to constructing it physically to facilitate collaboration and model (Thatchenkery, Avital and Cooperrider, 2010). It originated from BDM, which handled a construction project by unstructured date such 2D drawing and old CAD technologies etc. knowledge management is critic to improve the productivity and adaptability of a project. It equips groups or organization with competitive advantages and facilitates business reflective and decision making processes. From the research in the paper, we can see the feasibility and possibility of the BKM approach by associating knowledge collect and reuse in BIM uses with the integration module knowledge. A succeed BKM strategy is having the capability of collecting, distributing, reusing and managing knowledge sequentially in the collaboration and communication activity throughout the lifecycle of building. The BKM approach activates a comprehensive knowledge management techniques as well as building information to facilitate collaboration of team and project management. Additionally, redundant and unwanted rework can be minimized by fully using expert knowledge to facilitate energy effective model. References Chong, W. and Hermreck, C. (2012).ICSDC 2011. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. This resource taken from American society of civil engineers and it describe about how information system adopted construction industry. Kuchiki, A., Mizobe, T. and Gokan, T. (n.d.).A Multi-Industrial Linkages Approach to Cluster Building in East Asia. This journal describe about the multi-industrial linkage of construction which utilizes knowledge management. Lee, I. (2009).Selected readings on information technology and business systems management. Hershey: Information Science Reference. This resource is taken form information science and it represents business system management and IT and its uses in this construction field. Li, R. and Poon, S. (2013).Construction Safety. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. It describes the holistic approach of knowledge management Linger, H. (2013).Building sustainable information systems. New York: Springer. The resource is taken from New York springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration. Luo, J. (2012).Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer. It describes the information system Barriers to successful IS implementation in Construction Sector. Lytras, M., Ordonez De Pablos, P., Ziderman, A., Roulstone, A., Maurer, H. and Imber, J. (2010).Knowledge Management, Information Systems, E-Learning, and Sustainability Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. The resource is taken from Berlin, Heidelberg: springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration and information system research. Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014).Transfer and management of knowledge. London, England: ISTE. It describe potential knowledge integration in BIM and benefits of model based estimating. Menkhoff, T., Evers, H. and Chay, Y. (2010).Governing and managing knowledge in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific. The resource is taken from Singapore: World Scientific and it demonstrates knowledge management and holistic approach of KM. Mill, J. (2016).A System Of Logic, Ratiocinative And Inductive. Dinslaken: Anboco. It describes characteristic of knowledge management. Plattner, H., Meinel, C. and Leifer, L. (2015).Design Thinking Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing. It describe about model research in information management and potential knowledge integration in building model. Robinson, H. (2010).Governance knowledge management for public-private partnerships. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. It describe about knowledge integration and detailed description of data, information and knowledge concepts. Sarngadharan, M. and Minimol, M. (n.d.).Management information system. It describe about management information in system in construction industry and collected business process research to achieve in field. Shally-Jensen, M. (n.d.).Careers in building construction. It describe about knowledge management to building construction and additionally explain about business model estimating and also about building information model advantages and tools. Svenson, N. (n.d.).The United Nations as a knowledge system. It describe briefly about data, knowledge and information and knowledge system in united nation how they achieve business plan using this knowledge system. Thatchenkery, T., Avital, M. and Cooperrider, D. (2010).Positive design and appreciative construction. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing. It represents building information model in potential knowledge integration and also explains BIM concepts. Zhang, H., Han, M. and Zhao, X. (n.d.).Advanced research on industry, information system and material engineering IV. It describes about advance research about information system and how knowledge management utilizes those construction tool to achieve their business strategy using BIM technology

HR Managers Effectiveness

Introduction Internationalization and globalization has created challenges for human resource practitioners worldwide. Human resource management is a fundamental concept in management of organizations and businesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HR Managers’ Effectiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All businesses should have a human capital department if they are to develop. However, due to globalization and internationalization, workers from different cultures meet, and this presents a challenge (Jackson, 2002). Human resource managers must have a global vision to manage staff properly. Global vision enables a manager to develop a team that competes internationally. Human resource management relate directly to management of people to assist an organization to attain its objectives and goals (Jackson, 2002). Culture plays a pivotal role in human resource management from the selection of candidates , recruitment, evaluation, interviews and employment. The differences in culture make organizations have a work force that has people with different work values, behaviours and attitudes (Mooij, 2010). The challenge is more complicated since managers may have certain beliefs and assumptions on how they should manage their staff. In many cases, the cultural backgrounds of managers influence the assumptions and beliefs that they hold (Mooij, 2010). This further shows the impact of culture in human resources management. Thus, human resources management is likely to be susceptible to cultural diversity since cultural bearers, to handle other cultural bearers, devise the practices.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, human resources practitioners must accommodate cultural diversities when they design human resources activities. They must be aware of cultural diversities to be effective in the management of people. They must appreciate cultural differences in their work force and design management practices and policies that take differences in culture into consideration. In this paper, I will provide an argument that support the belief that human resources managers must be aware of cultural differences to be effective in the management of people. Role of Human Resources and Training Managers in Culturally Diverse Environment The traditional roles of human resources managers are selection, recruitment, evaluation and employment of people. However, with economic growth, globalization and the need for high competitive abilities, the roles of human resources managers have undergone a transformation. Human resources managers must take into consideration that an organization’s talent is likely to be the source of continuous competitive advantage hence survival, customer satisfaction, and profitability. A modern human resource manager must focus on l ong-term goals and objectives of the organization. To achieve this, one of the roles of modern human resources managers is to enable participative management of an organization (Kapoor, 2011). Participative management provides employees with responsibilities, authority and accountability in the work that they do. Human resource managers give employees tools that they use to improve their output and impact positively on the bottom-line.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HR Managers’ Effectiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This method ensures that the needs of employees are known, and it improves communication between employees and management. Through participatory management, employees are able to solve their issues, and they are empowered (Kapoor, 2011). Hence, in this management method, cultural differences are taken into consideration. Workers of different cultural backgrounds can work together wit hout conflicts in ideas. They are able to make decisions that do not affect others but at the same time contribute immensely to the bottom-line. Therefore, I fully agree with the statement. The other role of a human resources manager is to be a strategic business partner and change agent. A human resources manager is to lead and assist an organization to formulate the overall strategy of the organization. Therefore, a human resources manager has to align human resource practices, activities, initiatives and policies with the strategy that the organization has adopted. Appropriate formulation and skilful implementation of human resources strategy are essential in the elimination of risk in an organization (Kapoor, 2011). Hence, a human resource manager has to contribute in development and accomplishment of the total organization’s business preparations and intentions. Managers must acquire workers with different talents. Additionally, organizations must develop leaders who are able to promote growth and effectively manage a culturally diverse team.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human resources managers must represent diverse cultures so that the general structure of the decision assembly body of an organization replicates the diverse composition of the market. Hence, I partly agree with the statement. Creation of partnership with middle level and frontline managers is a key role of human resources managers. Frontline and middle level managers play a significant role in attainment of organization’s objectives (Kapoor, 2011). Additionally, they have a significant impact in the performance of employees. They ensure that there is command and control in an organization. There exists a positive correlation between the emotions and sensitivity of workers and their relationship with their line managers with job satisfaction, loyalty and commitment. Hence, due to globalization and cultural diversity in the workplace, human resources managers must ensure that a positive relationship exists between line managers and workers. Human resources managers must ensur e that culturally informed discrimination does not exist as it may lead to decline in employee performance. Therefore, I fully agree with the statement. Human resources managers are also employees’ advocates and champions of globalization. They play a significant role in organizational success via their knowledge on and about advocacy. Their advocacy role includes expertise in the creation of a work environment that makes employees motivated, excited and high performers. Motivation makes employees do their work because they enjoy the work. Additionally, advocacy makes human resources managers encourage discipline among workers. Discipline includes policies, systems and practices that encourage accountability among workers (Lynn, Beth, Michelle, Karen, Don, Amy Gangaram, 2008). The combination of employees’ motivation and discipline leads to workers excitement about their work. It also leads to workers being accountable for their actions and highly rewarded for their c ontribution. As champions of globalization, human resources managers recognize the benefits of cultural diversity in an organization. Hence, a human resource manager should implement organizational strategies that are sensitive to certain cultural influences. Thus, I fully agree with the statement. As organizations undergo changes, staff and managers must learn new leadership and management skills. Workers from different backgrounds face different challenges and can be motivated differently. The challenge that training managers have is the determination and development of skills that managers must have to encourage growth of an organization. Hence, training managers have to determine the skills that employees require to perform optimally. They have to determine the entry level and training requirement for all positions in an organization. In the determination of required skills and training of staff, training managers must consider cultural diversity. This should inform the leadersh ip and management style that can be adopted in a culturally diverse organization. Training managers must recognize the impact of cultural differences when they develop training modules. They must learn how staff and managers can take advantage of cultural diversity in an organization. Hence, it is their role to develop strategies that can be used to manage cultural diversity (Lynn, Beth, Michelle, Karen, Don, Amy Gangaram, 2008). They have to determine the extent to which differences in culture are advantageous or disadvantageous to an organization. Hence, they can teach three leadership and management styles based on merits and demerits of diversity of an organization’s workforce. Managers can be trained to overlook cultural diversity and its effects in a business. In this case, training managers inform managers that cultural diversity is irrelevant in management of the organization. Alternatively, training managers can teach line managers how to minimize cultural differenc es in an organization. In this leadership style, workers from different cultural backgrounds are likely to be made to follow the behaviour patterns of the dominant culture in the organization. Finally, training managers can teach line managers to manage cultural differences (Stahl Mendenhall, 2005). Through the adoption of a synergetic approach, employees and managers minimize problems that could arise due to cultural differences through management of the diversity. The role of training managers in teaching cultural differences management methods make me agree partly with the statement. Additionally, managers have to maximize the benefits that cultural diversity can bring into the organization. The management of cultural diversity in an organization is the best option that training managers should encourage. Cultural diversity has many significant benefits and, therefore, employees, managers, human resources and training managers must encourage others to be aware of cultural divers ity. Role of Cultural Diversity in Business Culture plays a crucial role in promotion of organizations’ competitiveness in a market. The world is a diverse place and, therefore, brings different opportunities to businesses. The awareness of cultural diversity matters a lot to both workers and client base of any organization. Hence, a business has to be aware of cultural diversity to be competitive in the future (Stahl Mendenhall, 2005). Human resources managers must appreciate the role that culture plays in business. In this way, their actions, methods and strategies can be effective. Currently, promotion programs are geared towards different ethnic groups. Different cultural groups demand different products. The products that people of one culture demand can be different from products that another group of people in a different place demands. Hence, a company can benefit immensely from a culturally diverse workforce. A culturally diverse team can assist a company to determi ne the promotion strategy that can be used to target a specific ethnic group. This means that human resources practitioners must manage cultural diversity in the workplace to respond to and capitalize on cultural diversity in the world. This is vital since a promotion strategy that can work in one place may not be appropriate in another place. The cultural diversity in team members can strengthen the bonds formed between customers and clients. This further strengthens the promotion strategies that an organization develops. Hence, I fully agree with the statement. Culture also plays a critical role in customer acquisition. Globalization has made organizations operate in a culturally diverse world since people move from one region to another. Notably, movements of people result into culturally diverse markets. Hence, organizations must be culturally competent to acquire clients. Human resources managers must, therefore, be aware of the role that cultural diversity plays in acquisition of customers. A culturally diverse workforce enables an organization determine the needs, beliefs and perceptions that customers of a particular cultural background hold (Stahl Mendenhall, 2005). A culturally diverse team can work respectfully and effectively with customers without conflicts being caused. IBM, for example, employs people of different cultural backgrounds to promote cultural competence (HCA Online, 2009). Therefore, I fully agree with the statement. Cultural diversity at the work place is also beneficial in business negotiations and partnership formation. Cultural differences in negotiation processes can result into problems. Negotiation practices differ from one culture to another. The problems that can result include misrepresentation and misinformation. However, due to globalization, organizations must negotiate to make mergers, form distribution channels and increase customer base among other reasons (Stahl Mendenhall, 2005). An organization that does not have a culturally diverse work force can find international negotiations to be a complicated process. In contrast, a culturally diverse organization has a work force that has required skills necessary to succeed in negotiations with a team from another country (Chandrakumara Sparrow, 2004). Hence, a human resources manager that is aware of the importance of cultural diversity can assist an organization to develop a culturally competent workforce. Such a team can then assist the organization in development of negotiations necessary for growth. Therefore, I fully agree with the statement. Advantages of Cultural Awareness Based on the arguments presented, it is evident that cultural diversity at the work place is vital in organizations. Hence, human resources managers who are aware of the positive impacts of cultural diversity present numerous advantages to their organizations. Awareness of the importance of cultural diversity impacts positively in the selection of workers, performance ma nagement, compensation and benefits and development of skills. A human resources manager who is aware of the importance of cultural diversity can create a work force that has all the required set of skills. The manager can select employees of different cultural backgrounds to meet the needs of an organization like in IBM. Thus, cultural awareness assists a manager to select the best candidates required for a given position in an organization (Saharaconsulting, 2010). Hence, the manager can select workers who can assist in development of promotion strategies that target specific ethnic groups or who can make successful negotiations with people from different cultural backgrounds. Consequently, I fully agree with the statement. Another advantage that a manager who is aware of the importance of cultural diversity is that he can improve the performance of workers. Cultural diversity brings together people of different backgrounds, experiences and talents. They can propose different solu tions to a problem based on their cultural beliefs, operations and judgments (Saharaconsulting, 2010). An integrated solution for every problem can then be selected. This can result into improved performance in a workforce, as dependable solutions are always made available. Therefore, cultural awareness assists a manager to manage the performance of employees of an organization. For that reason, I fully agree with the statement. Additionally, a human resources manager who appreciates the importance of cultural differences can make appropriate appraisal mechanisms. A manager can develop performance appraisal strategies that note that excellent performance is culture-bound. Performance point of reference in individualistic cultures leads to appraisal systems that focus on workers’ productivity. On the other hand, loyalty to an organization can be the basis for appraisal of employees who come from collectivist cultures (Aycan, 2005). Hence, a manager who is aware of the importan ce of cultural diversity can develop appropriate appraisal strategies. Hence, I partly agree with the statement. Moreover, a human resources manager who is aware the benefits of cultural diversity can develop a training and development program that can lead to organization’s growth. Training and development practices influences organization’s growth and survival capabilities. However, culture has influence in training and development activities that can be adopted. Cultures that emphasize on excellent performance and quality require numerous training and development activities. The training method that managers usually develop for workers from such backgrounds is based on the belief that the employees have limited capacities. In contrast, training and development activities for individuals from collectivist cultures aim to promote loyalty and commitment to an organization (Jackson, 2002). A training and development manager and the human resources manager can then devel op effective training activities based on this knowledge. However, I partly agree with the statement. Finally, cultural awareness also assists a human resources practitioner to enable an organization to draw and maintain employees. A human resources manager who recognizes the impact of diversity in an organization makes employees of different backgrounds feel appreciated and included in the organization (Saharaconsulting, 2010). This increases loyalty and commitment among workers. Language and negotiation skills are retained in the organization, and this propels the organization to compete globally. Furthermore, attraction and retention of workers of diverse cultural backgrounds assists an organization to improve client base. Therefore, I fully agree with the statement. IBM is an example of a company in which the human capital department recognises the importance of cultural diversity. The company promotes creativity, performance and growth through cultural diversity. Cultural Conve rgence and Divergence Cultural convergence is movement of all vital aspects of global and local societies. The movement aims to reduce tensions that exist between groups of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Cultural convergence aims to encourage people from different cultures to be aware of how other cultures can assist them to grow (Jenkins, 2006). In cultural convergence, institutional frameworks converge under same force of industrial logic. This is despite the differences in ideological, political and cultural origins. Toyota is a company that can be used to show the existence of cultural convergence. The convergence of technology and systems of trade in Toyota creates an environment that is similar for all Toyota employees. The company has different production points in the world. However, all employees of Toyota must receive the right information at the appropriate time. Hence, the company aligned its business processes with technology. On the other hand, cultur al divergence is the belief that cultural differences persist everywhere. Hence, developments that occur do not lead into complete removal of differences between groups of different cultural backgrounds (Jenkins, 2006). IBM is a company that can be used to explain the concept of cultural divergence. IBM’s policy is to hire individuals who have different talents, personality and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, the company decided to create cultural awareness and acceptance through the development of corporate values. These values include respect to people and antidiscrimination. Through these values, IBM hopes to tap knowledge from different people, have different perspectives and generate innovative ideas. At the same time, the company uses advanced technology in its business operations. However, cultural differences in the company persist (HCA Online, 2009). Moreover, the work force in IBM is aged, and there is likely existence of talent gap. Theoretical Perspectives: Integr ation of Academics Theory and Access-and-Legitimacy Theory Theories can be used to support the argument that cultural awareness can enable a human resources manager to be effective. Integration of academics theory or integration-and-learning theory proposes that insights, experiences and skills that workers developed as members of different cultural backgrounds have a positive impact in an organization (Robin David, 2001). An organization can redefine its market, strategies, products and business practices based on knowledge that workers from different cultural groups have developed. This theory explains the link between cultural diversity and work processes. The ways through which people experience and do their work relates to cultural diversity and adaptation. This theory can assist a human resources manager to recognize the importance of cultural diversity in an organization. The theory states that workers of different cultural backgrounds can spend time to explore different vie wpoints and come up with a comprehensive solution to any problem. Moreover, the theory notes that adaptation occurs, and people from different cultural backgrounds are able to work together without cultural identity based division. Consequently, I fully agree with the statement. The second theory that notes why human resources managers must be aware of cultural diversity is the Access-and-legitimacy theory. In this theory, cultural diversity at the workplace is based on the observation that an organization’s markets are culturally diverse. Therefore, it is appropriate for an organization to match the diversity in the market with its workforce (Robin David, 2001). This should assist the organization to gain access and legitimacy in the markets that it exploits. According to this perspective, organizations can use cultural diversity to connect with culturally diverse markets. Hence, a human resources manager should be aware of the role that cultural diversity in an organizatio n plays in exploitation of diverse markets. Awareness of the role that cultural diversity play makes the human resources manager to be effective. Access-and-legitimacy theory explains the importance of cultural diversity in business negotiations, sales promotions and entry into new markets. A company that seeks to make sales in a black neighbourhood is likely to use black employees as sales people in the neighbourhood. Hence, I fully agree with the statement. These two theories have further explained the importance of cultural diversity at the workplace. Since human resources managers are the officials who select and recruit workers, it is vital that they be aware of the importance of cultural diversity at the work place. They must recognize the role that cultural diversity plays in customer acquisition, market exploitation and development of skills. Hence, I fully agree that human resources managers must be aware of cultural diversity to be effective in their roles. Conclusions Cul tural diversity at the workplace has numerous challenges. However, internationalization and globalization has resulted into the rise of culturally diverse workforces in different organizations. This paper sought to determine whether cultural diversity awareness makes human resources managers be effective. Consequently, the discussions presented in the paper have shown the pivotal roles that cultural diversity plays in business. Cultural diversity is essential in business negotiations, sales promotions and market exploitation. Additionally, the paper focused on advantages that a company can receive in case a human resources manager is aware of cultural diversity. Awareness of diversity assists a manager to select the right candidates, monitor performance differently, attract, and retain workers. Finally, the paper presented theoretical support for the need for human resources managers to be aware of cultural diversity. Based on these arguments, it is clear that cultural diversity in the work force is advantageous for businesses. Hence, I agree with the statement. References Aycan, Z. (2005). The interplay between cultural and institutional/ structural contingencies in human resource management practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1083-1119. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190500143956 Chandrakumara, A., Sparrow, P. (2004). Work orientation as an element of national culture and its impact on HRM policy-practice design choices: Lessons from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Manpower, 25(6), 564-589. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/231918281? HCA Online. (2009). Cultural Diversity, IBM Style. Retrieved from http://www.hcamag.com/article/cultural-diversity-ibm-style-115423.aspx. Jackson, T. (2002). International HRM: A cross-cultural approach. London: SAGE. Jackson, T. (2002). The management of people across cultures: Valuing people differently. Human Resource Management, 41(4), 45 5-475. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222066742? Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence and Divergence: Two Parts of the Same Process. Retrieved from http://henryjenkins.org/2006/06/convergence_and_divergence_two.html Kapoor, B. (2011). Impact of globalization on human resource management. Journal of International Management Studies, 6(1), 1-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/867910302? Lynn, S, Beth, C, Michelle, D, Karen, E, Don, J, Amy, R Gangaram, S. (2008). Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going? Human Resource Management Review, 19(1), 117-133. Retrieved from http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~iido/images/HRMR-Diversity.pdf – United States Mooij, M. (2010). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. California: SAGE. Robin, J. E., David, A. T. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229-273. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/203949509? Saharaconsulting. (2010). 6 Advantages of Workplace Diversity. Retrieved from http://saharconsulting.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/6-advantages-of-workplace-diversity/ Stahl, G Mendenhall, E. (2005). Mergers and acquisitions: Managing culture and human resources. California: Stanford Business Books. This essay on HR Managers’ Effectiveness was written and submitted by user Alexa Mathis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Conjugate the Irregular French Verb Offir

How to Conjugate the Irregular French Verb Offir Offrir  (to offer, to provide, to give) is an irregular French -ir verb. Below are simple  conjugations  of the verb  offrir; the conjugation table does not include compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb avoir with the past participle offert. Within irregular  -ir  verb conjugations, there are some  patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. Then there is a final, large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Offrir is an Irregular -ir- Verb Offrir lies in the second group of irregular  -ir  verbs that display a pattern. The second group of verbs includes  couvrir,  cueillir,  dà ©couvrir,  offrir,  ouvrir,  souffrir, and all their derivatives. These verbs, surprisingly,  are all  conjugated like  regular -er verbs. Offir Is Conjugated Like  French Verbs Ending in -frir and -vrir All French verbs that end in  -frir  or  -vrir  are conjugated this way. This includes: couvrir to coverdà ©couvrir to discoverouvrir to opensouffrir to sufferrecouvrir to recover   Expressions and Usage Je peux toffrir  bien davantage. I can  offer  you much more than that.Nous devons leur  offrir  pareille possibilità ©. We need to  provide  them with the same opportunity.Jallais vous  offrir  cette maison. I was going to  give  you this house.Je vais lui  offrir  du thà ©. Im going to give him some  tea.Mais vous devez  offrir  limmunità ©. But youd have to  offer  us immunity.Jaimerais  offrir  une perspective diffà ©rente. Id like to  offer  a different perspective.Jaimerais que nous puissions  offrir  plus. I wish we were in a better position to  offer  more.Jaimerais lui  offrir  ma collection de coquillages. Id like to give  her my shell collection.offrir quelque chose en cadeau quelquun  Ã‚  to give somebody something as a presentsoffrir [pronominal reflexive]  Ã‚  to offer  / to give oneself [sexually] OR to offer ones servicessoffrir payer les dà ©gà ¢ts  Ã‚  to offer to pay for the damagesof frir [pronominal reciprocal] to give or buy each otherun seul moyen soffrait moi  [pronominal  intransitive] only one course of action was open / presented itself to me un panorama exceptionnel soffre au regard   an amazing view meets the eyessoffrir de quelque chose [pronominal transitive] to treat oneself to something Simple Conjugations of the Irregular French -ir Verb Offrir Present Future Imperfect Present participle j offre offrirai offrais offrant tu offres offriras offrais il offre offrira offrait nous offrons offrirons offrions vous offrez offrirez offriez ils offrent offriront offraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle offert Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive j offre offrirais offris offrisse tu offres offrirais offris offrisses il offre offrirait offrit offrt nous offrions offririons offrmes offrissions vous offriez offririez offrtes offrissiez ils offrent offriraient offrirent offrissent Imperative tu offre nous offrons vous offrez

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of the new actors in employment Essay

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of the new actors in employment relations in providing a viable alternative to employee representation - Essay Example They also have been ensuring there is equity among employees and efficiency to show fairness in the running of organisations (Rasmussen, 2005). Some of the old actors in employment relations include national unions especially the labour unions and the state`s government. Due to the failure of effectiveness of these actors, new actors have emerged who are relevant and effectively fight for the employees’ rights. The new actors include non-union bodies such as; company councils, works councils, consultative councils/committees (CCs), joint consultative committees (JCCs), staff associations and independent organisations such as; NGOs, HR consultancy firms, employment agencies, chaplains, health advisors and trainers, Citizens’ advice bureaus, global union federations, employment arbitrators, grassroots activists, social movements and counsellors. This essay henceforth evaluates the effectiveness of these new actors in employment relations in providing a viable alternative to employee`s representation. The new actors in employment relations are mostly comprised of non-union employee`s representation bodies and some independent organisations all with the aim of fighting for the employee`s rights and interests (â€Å"Employment Relationship†, 2011). Non-union bodies refer to those employees who do not belong to any labour unions. They have emerged due to the inadequacy of the labour unions to handle employees grievances effectively and failing to represent them properly. The company councils, works councils, consultative councils/committees (CCs), Joint Consultative Committees (JCCs), staff associations NGOs, consultancy firms, employment arbitrators and activists are some of non-union bodies who have shown interests in the fight for employee rights and interests in their workplaces. These new actors have come up with new ways of handling employee`s grievances and negotiating with their employers to the

Managing Information 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Information 2 - Assignment Example If considering the enterprise government, focus on executing management actions is required to support the strategic goals of the organization (JOHNSTON et al. 2009). It has been calculated approximately half of the breaches to the security of the information systems are made by the internal staff or employee of the organization (Spears et al. 2010). Security incident management facilitates the development of security incident handling and planning including preparation for detection and reply to information security issues. The standard of the incident management primarily relates to ensure the existence of processes rather than the contents of these procedures. The security incident of different computing systems will have dissimilar effects and escort to different consequences, bureau, departments the organization need to tailor the security incident handling plan according to specific operational requirements. Organizations invest enormous money to buy and install computing e quipments for securing their networks. Information systems security is a challenge for executives and the information technology professionals (Dhillon et al. 2006).Organizations focus on performance and efficiency of the security equipments. This is not enough, as human intervention and a proper plan need to be defined. The information technology professionals are not only responsible for securing the information systems, all the employees of the organization are responsible (Rotvold 2008). One needs to know what an incident is, before making a plan for dealing with the computer incidents. A simple definition is available in network dictionary which says â€Å"An incident as an adverse network event in an information system or network or the threat of the occurrence of such an event.† For organizations to be competitive with network incidents, they must lay a foundation within the organization for incident handling. The incident handling procedure refers to an action pla n associated with security breaches, thefts, distributed denial of service, fire, floods etc. Incident handling consists of six-step process: research, classification, restraint, purge, revival, and lessons learned. The information security should be handled internally and externally by the employees of the organization. They will be supported by the security teams with high-powered information security officers. The employees who do not have insufficient skills in dealing with information security, they can perform well in reducing risk factors (Bulgurcu et al. 2010). In each major business unit, an employee with a skill set of solid risk management and project management can be a good choice to be an information security officer. Likewise, the primary objective is to enforce policies and train the end users for following the procedures made for each policy. Moreover, acceptable use for networks and data on information systems must be communication, as end users can download susp icious codes or emails from the Internet etc. furthermore, if the company decides to outsource its security operations to another company, this will save cost but at the same time increase risks to critical information if no care has been taken for choosing a reliable business partner. Non disclosure agreement must be signed by the service organization and skill evaluation of the staff should also be considered. Furthermore, service level agreements

Reflective Clinical Journal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Reflective Clinical Journal - Personal Statement Example My Background: I am a mother with children and my journey into homeopathy practice started about 14 years ago when I gave birth to my first son. Due to the complications of the pregnancy, I was asked to visit a homeopath and my subsequent treatment and interactions with the doctor, formed a new perspective about homeopathy. Since then, I have been fascinated and curious about the subject, and then decided to join a college, and make a career as a homeopathic doctor. I hope to use this opportunity to increase my knowledge about the subject, treat patients, and help them to lead a better life, free from excessively powerful drugs. I like to help people, share my experiences, and knowledge with someone who will benefit from them, and it is the best gift for me. I believe in being honest and sincere with myself this very important about my experiences. Through this reflective statement, I want, through my practice, to show to people I come across with, how important it is, and simple it is, be honest with you. Our school uses video clinics where the patient is examined in a separate room with a camera. The camera transmits the entire treatment process to another room where we students sit and watch the proceedings on a large, flat TV screen. The camera is placed in such a manner, that it captures all the questions asked by the student doctor and the questions posed by the doctor in attendance. The sessions are very interesting since we can see the manner in which patients interact with the patient, their initial inhibition at opening up and while some people are hesitant to speak about their illness, others are voluble and it is difficult to actually get them to quieten down. I had a chance to sit in as an observer in the clinic with one of the students who was already quiet advanced, and she was very confident in what she was doing. Our patient was an old woman suffering from leukaemia, and she was looking for a help to go though

JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory

JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory The events that occurred on November 22, 1963 have invoked more intrigue than any other assassination of the twentieth century. Fortunately, because of the advances in technology, the assassination of President Kennedy was recorded in film both with motion and still photography. These graphic souvenirs have been the subject of much research and inquiry. More time has gone into investigating the two minutes surrounding the firing of the fatal shots than any other time period (Arnold, 1997). The assassination of arguably one of the greatest presidents of the United States was seen by hundreds of eyewitness spectators who all qualified as first-person witnesses. The debate that encompasses the assassination includes the dispute whether President Kennedy was the victim of an assassination conspiracy. As one examines the contradictions, eyewitness accounts, and support evidence, various the conclusions may be reached, the main notion that Lee Harvey Oswald may have not been solely respons ible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy, but acted simultaneously with other unknown conspirators. On Nov. 22, 1963 President Kennedy and his wife were in Dallas, Texas trying to strengthen his political campaign for his upcoming election. While in his motorcade, President Kennedy was fatally shot from a sixth floor warehouse window. As the shots were being fired, a member of the Secret Service jumped on the back of the car and dove  on top of the president, shielding him (Groden, 1993). During the shooting, Governor Connally suffered injuries to his right side. Although the Governor was badly wounded,  he survived. At 1:00 p.m. President Kennedy was pronounced dead at the Parkland Hospital. Later that afternoon aboard Air Force One, Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States of America (Groden, 1993). As President Kennedys motorcade turned left onto Elm Street a series of gunshots rang out. Kennedy was struck twice and Governor Connally was struck once. The public was outraged that President Kennedy was murdered and wanted an explanation. President Lyndon B. Johnson set up the Warren Commission, lead by Earl Warren, to head investigation. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin in the murder of John F. Kennedy. According to the official report from the Warren Commission all three shots came from the sixth story of the Texas School Book Depository (Kallen, 2003). Thus, the Commission surmised that Oswald had been completely responsible. Lee Harvey Oswald was claimed as the sole assassin of President Kennedy. Oswald had been very disgruntled with the government ever since he had been discharged from the United States Marine Corps. Following his discharge, he moved to the Soviet Union attempting to acquire citizenship and after being denied citizenship, he returned to the United States (Newman, 1995). The year Oswald shot and killed President  Kennedy, he moved to Dallas, Texas where he plotted the assassination of the president with numerous co-conspirators (Newman, 1995). The angle of the bullets caused a lot of controversy. After the assassination, the first official autopsy on the human body took place on President Kennedy. There were two autopsies on President Kennedy, one in Bethesda Naval Hospital, and another in Parkland Hospital in Dallas. In Bethesda, the doctors said that the bullets had entered President Kennedys body in this upper portion of the neck, and emerged out of the neck about 2 centimeters above his bow tie (Kallen, 2003). However, the doctors at Parkland Hospital said that the back wounds were lower, and had different modes of entry. Parkland doctors found that the bullets entered about 2 centimeters above the Presidents bow tie, and emerged out of his lower back, about 14 centimeters below the entering wound (Kallen, 2003). With that trajectory, the gunman would have to have been situated well above the President, an impossible shot. The Warren Commission completely ignored these findings and did not make mention of them in the official report (Kallen, 2003). The Warren Commission also ignored the opinions of experts as well as eyewitness accounts and the sounds coming from police radios. The latter of these proofs were the recordings captured on the radio traffic of the Dallas Police Department. These radios were in the possession of police officers who were positioned close to the motorcade and adjacent to a railroad yard and a grassy knoll. The first two gunshots could be heard faintly in the distance while the third was noticeably louder and presumably fired closer to where the officers were stationed (Prouty, 1992). The recordings were analyzed by experts and a joint conclusion was made. In December of 1963, two of the expert investigators, Mark Weiss and Ernest Aschkenasy, testified before the House Assassination Committee. In their conclusion Professor Weiss stated that with the probability of ninety-five percent or better the third shot came from the grassy knoll (Arnold, 1997). Furthermore, several innocent bystanders also confirmed that gunfire came from the grassy knoll. These witnesses included six railroad workers who confirmed reports of smoke being seen in the area surrounding the grassy knoll immediately after the shooting stopped (Prouty, 1992). Additionally, several onlookers heard the sharp crack of a rifle report behind them as they observed the Presidents motorcade (Prouty, 1992). Perhaps the most compelling account is the description given by Senator Ralph Yarborough who  rode in the motorcade a few cars behind President Kennedys limousine. The Senator stated that after driving by the grassy knoll you could smell [gun] powder on our car nearly all the way to Parkland Hospital (Prouty, 1992). The common link between the assassination of President Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald was Jack Ruby, the man who killed Oswald in the basement of the Dallas Police Department Headquarters. Many people questioned why Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald. Was this a cover up to keep him from talking about his part in this tragedy? Ruby was a nightclub owner and a local strongman with strong ties to organized crime (Lindopy, 1992). His associates included Joseph Campisi, a top-ranked  Dallas Mafia member and Carlos Marcello, the head of the New Orleans crime family (Arnold, 1997). According to eyewitness accounts and swore affidavits, Ruby met with these men and other Mafia members in several meetings in the period of time leading up to the assassination of President Kennedy (Arnold, 1997). Also, numerous phone calls  including long-distance calls were placed between Ruby and his Mafia associates before the assassination (Arnold, 1997). In fact Ruby was so involved with organized crime t hat he was referred to as one of our boys by the Mafia leadership (Prouty, 1992). When the United States House of Representatives issued their final report in the spring of 1964, they reported that the logical and probable inference of the assassination of President Kennedy was that the President was killed as the result of a conspiracy (Prouty, 1992). This conclusion was in direct disagreement with the Warren  Commissions presumption of Oswald as the lone gunman. There is strong evidence to suggest that the Mafia ordered the death of President Kennedy as a penalty for meddling with the affairs of organized crime. Jack Ruby was simply used as a pawn by murdering the only suspect. By 1963, the Kennedy administration had become much evolved and somewhat successful in its attempts to prosecute the Mafia. This was evident though the Justice Departments triumph in sending several Mafia leaders to prison and dismantling its control over some parts of its realm including illegal gambling and loan sharking (Lindopy, 1992). President Kennedys brother, Robert Bobby Kennedy, was the Attorney General of the United States and largely responsible for these Federal indictments and prosecutions. Bobby Kennedy could have overlooked the destruction of organized crime but instead chose to target the Mafia from the highest levels of its organization (Lindopy, 1992). Additionally, the Mafia had set a precedent of killing or removing from power those opposed to their agenda. Examples of this treachery include the assassination of Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak, United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther and UAW-AFL President John Kilpatrick (Lindopy, 1992). Each of these men was murdered for opposing the Mafias plans or speaking out against them. Thus the stage may have been set for the assassination of President Kennedy. The second major theory surrounding the assassination of President Kennedy involves the United States primary spy network, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During the Second World War the Central Intelligence Agency possessed much power. Their policy and decision making affected nearly every aspect of the war from key military offences to the decree to drop the atomic bomb on Japan (Newman, 1995). After the War, the CIA continued planning governmental strategies and exercised great power until the failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castros Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs. Deeply angered by this CIA disaster, President Kennedy and his advisors decided that Allen Dulles, the Director of the CIA, and other top level staff must go (Prouty, 1992). In  fact, President Kennedy was so angered by the botched maneuver that he vowed to shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces (Prouty, 1992). In November of 1961, President  Kennedy fired Director Dulles and his top aides throwing the CIA into a state of semi-disarray (Prouty, 1992). Furthermore, President Kennedy was determined to remove all United States military personnel from Vietnam, effectively ending U.S. involvement in Asia. This move worried the CIA in addition to several large companies providing armaments for the war effort (Newman, 1995). The CIA felt that while the ending of the war may have economic implications, the main fault of this idea was that it would leave American interests vulnerable having no visible military presence in the Far East (Prouty, 1992). The CIA was resolute to reverse the Presidents plan no matter what the cost (Newman, 1995). In August through October of 1962, the CIA met with the President and his advisors to attempt to change his intentions in Vietnam. When President Kennedy refused to negotiate with the intelligence community the stage was set for his assassination (Newman, 1992). After Kennedys assassination and despite the overwhelming evidence of multiple shooters, the news reports spoke only of Oswald as the lone assassin. This lack of information to the public was the brainchild of the CIA in its attempt to cover-up the facts (Newman, 1992). This craftily constructed plot was carefully monitored by skilled agents who could control certain key facets of the bureaucracy, the Warren Commission and the news media (Prouty, 1992). This activity caused J. Lee Rankin, the commissions general counsel to say, Part of our difficulty in regard to the assassination in that they  have decided that it is Oswald who committed the assassination.  They have decided that no one else was involved (Prouty, 1992). Perhaps the most compelling evidence for the CIAs involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy was the quick reversal of Kennedys policies by Lyndon B. Johnson, the man who followed John F. Kennedy in the Presidency. Whether for political reasons or for self-preservation, President Johnson both supported the Warren Commissions findings and reversed the course of Kennedys Vietnam policy (Newman, 1005). Perhaps Johnson too, feared for his life and would not oppose the effective power of the CIA (Prouty, 1992). In any case, a strong argument exists to support the theory that the CIA was involved in the assassination of President Kennedy. There is no serious question that Lee Harvey Oswald shot President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Oswald took a rifle to work, claiming the long package contained curtain rods (Semple, 2003). There was no eyewitness to him shooting the rifle from inside the building, though a witness saw him from the street and gave a rough description to the police. The rifle was found hidden on the sixth floor. It was the same gun Oswald had ordered through the mail and it had Oswalds fingerprints on it (Kallen, 2003). The bullets causing the wound to President Kennedy and Governor Connally were matched to this gun. Boxes used to make the snipers lair had Oswalds prints on them as well (Aynesworth, 2003). Oswald fled the scene and later shot a police officer who had stopped him for routine questioning. While in detention, he told numerous easily-discoverable lies to police interrogators (Aynesworth, 2003). For many countries around the world, November 22, 1963 is just another date on the calendar. But for America, it represents one of the darkest days in the history of this still very young nation. It represented the end of Americas innocence. It forced America to wake up, rub its virgin eyes and experience the world for what it really is: a cold, harsh reality that we were not ready to deal with. There is no question that Lee Harvey Oswald was directly involved in the shootings of President Kennedy and Governor Connally. But  overwhelming evidence and contradictions support the theory that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was much more then just a lone attack, giving way to one of the greatest conspiracies ever imagined and changing America forever.

Existentialism Essay -- essays research papers

Jean-Paul Sartre says "man is nothing else but what he makes of himself" (762). This existentialist view depicts the idea that one is not based on the essence of a soul, but rather, based on decisions made throughout life. Sartre also believes that every man is responsible for all men. One may choose his marriage partner, however, in choosing to marry, one chooses monogamy. Decisions that individuals make will collectively create a set of principles and beliefs for all of man. Many people believe that a person’s decisions are a reflection of his soul and personality. However, it is more likely that the conclusion a person reaches is due to the influence of different ideas, as well as the circumstances surrounding the choices. One does not have an innate "essence", but instead, the choices that a person makes constantly shape his character, which in turn creates his essence. Decision-making is based on many different conditions and controlling factors that exist at the time of conflict. People take into consideration the thoughts and opinions of others, hindering the idea of an individual’s essence. If an essence really existed, another person’s thoughts would not affect someone else’s. Instead, a person makes choices from birth and the different decisions that one chooses form a pattern and creates one’s character. Sartre also says, "Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing ...

The Department’s Management is Sound

Obviously, this kind of situation shows lack of strategies in the financial management area of the department. It may be possible that the department is able to provide themselves all the resources they need, thus allowing them to provide satisfactory service that their department is expected to provide. However, beyond the department†s activities of supplying themselves with sufficient resources, there may exist an inability to monitor and effectively handle their financial resources. Therefore, causing the department to go over its budget. Another problem that may exist in the department causing the over budget problem is its inability to evaluate and consider the advantages and disadvantages of every action that they take. For instance, activities such as hiring of new employees may be seen by the department to be constructive for the different projects that it handles. However, considering the cost of hiring new employees may be overlooked by the department†s management. Inability to decide on what is the best solution to take or inability to find alternative solutions for a problem may be another characteristic of the department that causes over budget problem. The success in managing a department does not only depend and cannot be measured only on how a department is able to perform its duties to a company. Instead, the measurement of a real successful management are the efficiency and accuracy of the strategies used to become successful. For instance, allocating sufficient employees to a project may be helpful to a project. It may also be effective because of enough manpower to complete a project. However, is it accurate and efficient for the company†s expense? A drawback of too much employees† idle time may exist. This results to the department spending money for employees† unproductive hours.

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) was a millenarian uprising in southern China that began as a peasant rebellion  and turned into an extremely bloody civil war. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu. The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. A would-be scholar named Hong Xiuquan, from the Hakka minority, had tried for years to pass the exacting imperial civil service examinations  but had failed each time. While suffering from a fever, Hong learned from a vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ  and that he had a mission to rid China of Manchu rule and of Confucian ideas. Hong was influenced by an eccentric Baptist missionary from the United States named Issachar Jacox Roberts. Hong Xiuquans teachings and the famine sparked a January 1851 uprising in Jintian (now called Guiping), which the government quashed. In response, a rebel army of 10,000 men and women marched to Jintian and overran the garrison of Qing troops stationed there; this marks the official start of the Taiping Rebellion. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom To celebrate the victory, Hong Xiuquan announced the formation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with himself as king. His followers tied red cloths around their heads. The men also grew out their hair, which had been kept in the queue style as per Qing regulations. Growing long hair was a capital offense under Qing law. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had other policies that put it at odds with Beijing. It abolished private ownership of property, in an interesting foreshadowing of Maos communist ideology. Also, like the communists, the Taiping Kingdom declared men and women equal  and abolished social classes. However, based on Hongs understanding of Christianity, men and women were kept strictly segregated, and even married couples were prohibited from living together or having sex. This restriction did not apply to Hong himself, of courseas self-proclaimed king, he had a large number of concubines. The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. The Rebels The Taiping rebels early military success made them quite popular with the peasants of Guangxi, but their efforts to attract support from the middle-class landowners and from Europeans failed. Leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to fracture, as well, and Hong Xiuquan went into seclusion. He issued proclamations, mostly of a religious nature, while the Machiavellian rebel general Yang Xiuqing took over military and political operations for the rebellion. Hong Xiuquans followers rose up against Yang in 1856, killing him, his family, and the rebel soldiers loyal to him. The Taiping Rebellion began to fail in 1861  when the rebels proved unable to take Shanghai. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. After three years of bloody fighting, the Qing government had retaken most of the rebel areas. Hong Xiuquan died of food poisoning in June of 1864, leaving his hapless 15-year-old son on the throne. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdoms capital at Nanjing fell the following month after hard urban fighting, and the Qing troops executed the rebel leaders. At its peak, the Taiping Heavenly Army likely fielded approximately 500,000 soldiers, male and female. It initiated the idea of total war - every citizen living within the boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom was trained to fight, thus civilians on either side could expect no mercy from the opposing army. Both opponents used scorched earth tactics, as well as mass executions. As a result, the Taiping Rebellion was likely the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century, with an estimated 20 - 30 million casualties, mostly civilians. Around 600 entire cities in Guangxi, Anhui, Nanjing, and Guangdong Provinces were wiped from the map. Despite this horrific outcome, and the founders millennial Christian inspiration, the Taiping Rebellion proved motivational for Mao Zedongs Red Army during the Chinese Civil War the following century. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the Monument to the Peoples Heroes that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing.